GALAPAGOS AT RISK（英文全文）

• Executive summary - key points

1. Galapagos at risk
2. Galapagos is undergoing constant change
3. Changing tourism markets
4. Changing tour operators
5. Local benefits
6. Financing in Galapagos
7. Fishing and differences among the Islands
8. New local operators in tourism
9. Impacts of tourism
10. Leadership and governance
11. Subsidies and incentives in Galapagos
12. Conclusion

• References

 危機に直面するガラパゴス(日本語訳)

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６．Financing in Galapagos

　Several analysts (summarized in Taylor, 2006) suggest that the contribution of tourism to the local community in Galapagos is between 7 and 10% of the full value of tourism. This thesis is based on an analysis of purchases in the community (hotels, restaurants and craft stores). Taylor et al. (2006) argue that the impact is greater if cash flows through households are analyzed to include employment benefits. Using a model of social accounting that enables the calculation of the direct and indirect effects of tourism in the local economy, they estimate that the annual contribution of tourism to the local community is $62.9M.

　Epler (2007) estimates the total value of tourism to Galapagos as $418.8M: $120.5M from tourism boats and ships in Galapagos; $108M from international airlines; $105.8M from expenses in continental Ecuador; $37.7M from airlines flying to Galapagos from continental Ecuador; $24.6M from retail agencies outside Ecuador; and $22.8M from hotels, restaurants and services in Galapagos (see Figure 5). Applying Taylor's estimate to Epler's data, approximately 15.5% of the full value of tourism reaches local residents. However, these data need refinement given the difficulty of obtaining precise financial information from all tour operators in Galapagos.

　The annual cost of maintaining the national, local and autonomous government institutions in Galapagos was estimated in 2006 at $36.5M (Diaz Guevara, 2006). This total does not include the budgets of the National Police or military installations on the islands. In economic terms, the most important institutions are the Galapagos National Park Service (representing an estimated 31% of this budget), the Provincial Education Directorate (15%) and the Municipality of Santa Cruz (14%). Approximately 60% of this total amount comes from the central government. About 40% of the budget is generated from Galapagos tourism (Diaz Guevara, 2006).

　The non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in Galapagos (Charles Darwin Foundation, WWF, Conservation International, WildAid and Fundacion Galapagos) had a total estimated budget of $5.8M during 2006 (Epler, 2006).

　Between 1998 and 2005 it was estimated that bilateral and multilateral^*2 institutions provided a total of $54.4M of support (an average total of $6.8M per year). An estimated $5.5M per year was spent through public institutions and an additional $1.3M per year through NGOs. In 2006 and 2007, with the completion of several major projects such as the U.S. Agency for International Development support to the Galapagos Marine Reserve and the United Nations Development Programme-Global Environmental Facility Invasive Species Project, there is likely to be a decline in bilateral and multilateral expenditures in Galapagos.

Figure 5: Distribution of Galapagos-related tourism expenditures (From Epler 2007, Taylor et al. 2006)

　Unfortunately, economic information is difficult to obtain. As a result it has been impossible to precisely estimate the financial flows into Galapagos and consequently difficult to estimate the gross island product per capita. Taylor et al. (2006) estimate tourism brings approximately $63M annually to the Galapagos economy. The Government of Ecuador invests approximately $22M. Bilateral and multilateral contributions are $6.8M (including $1.3M through NGOs). Non-government organizations contribute about $4.5M from earned income, foundations and individuals. Fishing represents no more than $3M of the economy (see Figure 6) .^*3

Figure 6: Estimation of financial flows to Galapagos (from Taylor 2006 and Epler 2007)

　It is clear is that tourism is the economic engine of the Galapagos economy. The public sector is also important. Non-government actors and fishing are the third and fourth largest contributors, respectively.

　*2) In 2007, Araucaria is supporting the Galapagos National Park Service (GNPS); the Italian Government is supporting PROINGALA within INGALA; USAID to the Municipalities and the GNPS; JICA is supporting the GNPS; UNDP-GEF is supporting INGALA, GNPS, SICGAL and CDF; KFW and the UNDP are supporting the Ministry of Energy and Mines in renewable energy projects.

　*3) It is important to recognize that a deeper analysis is required of financing in Galapagos, in a need to understand the economy; the data presented here are drawn from budgets rather than actual expenditures.

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